The increasing freedom of Italian city-states in between the territories of the Empire and the Pope
Guelphs and Ghibellines
Power is moving back and forth
But increasingly independent of both
Sovereign city-states
Many of them are republics — at least initially
The idea of “the middle ages”
Brunelleschi
Political philosophy in general
This is Machiavelli too
Machavelli’s advice for the prince
Find a way to associate maiesta with your name
A new kind of power politics
They started making war on each other
The first examples of alliance politics
A new kind of international politics — there is a system of states
In IR we associate this with The Westphalian Treaty, 1648
The Treaty of Lodi, 1454
The beginnings of regular diplomatic relations
Medieval society as feudal
State sovereignty
The local lords lose their power
And here too there are uomini nuovi
Show up a court hoping to make a name for themselves
The place to be for everyone
You had to show up at court if you wanted to be someone to be reckoned with
Teaching everyone how to behave the need to learn the arts …
The court at Urbino
M. Jourdain applies himself to learning the gentlemanly arts of fencing, dancing, music and philosophy, despite his age; in doing so he continually manages to make a fool of himself, to the disgust of his hired teachers.
He dresses up as the son of the Sultan of Turkey
In the Middle Ages always special ambassadors
There were legati sent to Rome
Permanent ambassador
And that they all were representatives in each other courts
They were the personal representatives of the ruler
Why socializing was so important
Spread information and rumors
Particular rights that belong only to the permanent resident
Papacy
Turkey does join but much later
Other countries — Sweden
Italian states make alliances with non-Italian this spreads the logic of the system when the French invade in 1494, the various states are looking for alliances abroad —
England, etc. even the pope sends permanent representatives to Germany and France in the year 1500
Spain sends ambassadors — and non-Italians start sending them to each other
took it back to France send to London five times altogether there is correspondence from him, but doesn’t mention Holbein it a painted in Bridewell Palace which was leased to the French as an embassy suffering from something like malaria important year, Henry VIII had broken with Rome — Francis I, in France, was concerned about married Anne Boleyn, pregnant with Elizabeth I he was stationed in London permanently — had to spent a lot of money, holding banquets, attending the coronation amazing clothes well rendered by Holbein, picking out individual hairs 28 years old, according to the dagger badge of a skull
only 25, but already made a bishop also very expensive clothes what was he doing in London? only stayed a few months he was probably bringing a message from Francis to Henry very preoccupied with the breakup of Christianity Holbein made drawings of his portraits, but none survive taking some shortcuts — with the carpet for example — the green curtain too
On the top shelf — on the heavenly bodies
Bottom shelf —
The crucifix to the right
The skull