Lecture note: Global IR theory

Warring states periods

Taifa kingdoms, 1080

Japan, 1570

Japan

The first illustrates samurai warriors preparing for battle

A lively commercial city scene with bustling market streets, merchants, samurai patrols, European traders introducing firearms, and traditional Japanese buildings.

Sengoku period

showcases a bustling market scene in a town from that era. I

A vibrant battle scene with samurai warriors in colorful traditional armor, distinct clan banners in the background, and a dramatic sky.

Japan, 1570

The first illustration depicts a bustling market scene, showcasing the diverse cultures and goods of the period.

Empires

A grand and ethereal scene set in Xanadu, showcasing the stately pleasure-dome, the sacred river Alph, lush gardens, and a damsel with a dulcimer bathed in phantasmagorical light.

A vast desert landscape with caravans moving towards a distant oasis city, representing the essence of Orientalism and transgression.

A moonlit Xanadu with majestic palaces rising amidst floating islands, capturing the enchantment and Orientalism.

The first illustration portrays the grandeur of the imperial garden with ornate pavilions. Chinese Mandarins and officials are shown in their ceremonial attire, prostrating in reverence. In contrast, George Macartney and his entourage observe the ceremonies with curiosity and respect.

The second representation provides a glimpse into the opulent Audience chamber of the Ottoman Sultan. The Ambassador and his team, after being introduced, bow before the Grand Signior’s majestic throne, flanked by the chief Vizier. The chamber’s grandeur, from the gold-studded ball to the elaborate carpet, exemplifies the magnificence of the Ottoman court.

The second depiction showcases the pivotal audience with the Grand Signior. Set in a grand audience chamber, the Grand Signior attentively listens from his ornate throne as the Ambassador, accompanied by key members of his delegation, conveys his message. This critical diplomatic event is observed by select Ottoman dignitaries, emphasizing its significance.

A vast and dreamlike landscape of Xanadu’s pleasure-dome surrounded by ancient forests, gardens, the sacred river, and an Abyssinian maid playing a dulcimer, creating an atmosphere thick with magic and mystery.